Double Dip threat is back?

A long while back, I wrote that I believed we would face a double-dip recession, though I certainly got the time-frame wrong.
Krugman just put up a post on the same issue, and it made me think about why we might still be facing this "W" shape recovery. It relates strongly to Brenner's paper below: we're running out of ways to stimulate business activity. There does not seem to be a bubble left to inflate. When government stimulus runs out (and I don't think we'll see another stimulus package - doesn't seem politically feasible right now) next year, who will spend? From Krugman:

Two stories this morning highlight the risks. The WSJ has a report on highway construction titled Job Cuts Loom as Stimulus Fades:

Highway-construction companies around the country, having completed the mostly small projects paid for by the federal economic-stimulus package, are starting to see their business run aground, an ominous sign for the nation’s weak employment picture.

Meanwhile, the ISM for manufacturing suggests that industrial growth is already slowing down.
I’d be more sanguine about all of this if there were any indications that private, final demand is taking off — consumers, business investment, whatever. But I haven’t seen anything suggesting that sort of thing.

Also, deflation is still looming. Japan is already there. America faces the prospect as well, though if the Treasury keeps pumping out dollars, we also face a risk of inflation down the road. Take a look at this, which has more on double-dip risk (emphasis mine):

The Fed has to do one of two things: They either have to pull $1.5 trillion out of the system by June, which would collapse the economy, or face hyperinflation. This is why the Fed has instructed banks to inform them when and how much of the TARP funds they can return. At best they can expect $300 to $400 billion plus the $200 billion the Fed already has in hand.
We believe the Fed will opt for letting the system run into hyperinflation. All signs tell us they cannot risk allowing the undertow of deflation to take over the economy. The system cannot stand such a withdrawal of funds. They also must depend on assistance from Congress in supplying a second stimulus plan. That would probably be $400 to $800 billion. A lack of such funding would send the economy and the stock market into a tailspin. Even with such funding the economy cannot expect any growth to speak of and at best a sideways movement for perhaps a year.

Their belief goes directly counter to my belief that we will not see a second stimulus plan. If we do not, as I believe, we face the deflationary threat and a true double-dip. If, however, another stimulus plan is passed (which seems more and more necessary, though I still think is too politically unacceptable in the short-term), we may be okay for a while yet.

I know this is a highly doom-and-gloom scenario. Hopefully, I'm wrong, and the world economy recovers more smoothly than I expect.

Also, I wanted to post a short follow-up to the Brenner post below. One thing his analysis does is completely destroy the China-decoupling theory. Note that it was a far more popular theory before the recession than it is now, but it does still get some mention. I think the Brenner write-up finishes it off in my mind, but here's some more on it anyway: The China Decoupling Myth.

Wednesday Reading

Never mind that bit about this being a slow news week. Plenty of good reading.

• Too early for talk of bailout returns.
• A discussion on how Ben Bernanke is using inflationary monetary policy to combat the recession. This is a good read, and again seems in line with some of my recent posts: long-term, we're headed for inflation, and it will hurt. However, it would be nice to get someone else to judge this piece - it's a bit above my head. Also, more in line with my recent posts: short-term deflation already starting to take place? More in that vein.
  
• $9 trillion? Not even close! Try $14t.
• Nice read on the recent history of large-cap companies. They're back, apparently, though they were never truly gone. Yeah, okay, that sounds dumb, but it's still a good read: "Two further developments are shifting the balance of advantage in favour of size. One is a heightened awareness of the risks of subcontracting... A second is the emergence of companies that have discovered how to be entrepreneurial as well as big." It's the second point, particularly among large-cap tech, that I think is most relevant.
  
• Further proof (furthering the Hussman commentary linked yesterday) that this recession is simply not in line with previous post-war recessions.
  

More on Inflation vs. Deflation

Roubini has a great article in Forbes talking about how government policies today can be causes for deflation and inflation. In fact, he discusses what I mentioned in my post on the topic: a fear of short-term deflation and long-term inflation. I'm so proud of myself! .... assuming Roubini's right, that is.

I'm highlighting some relevant passages here, but I would strongly encourage you to read the entire writeup. Any emphasis is mine.


"The fiscal implications of the current policy package are particularly serious. For the time being, fiscal policy has been put at the service of survival, but the current price of survival is that net public debt is going to double as a share of GDP between 2008 and 2014. Even using the very optimistic forecasts of the Congressional Budget Office, which anticipate growth of around 4% over the next few years, the net debt burden will rise from 40% of GDP to 80%--that's an increase in the debt stock of about $9 trillion. The interest charge alone on that increased debt will be in the region of $300 billion to $400 billion a year, which in turn may mean more borrowing to pay the interest if primary deficits are not reduced. When governments reach the point where they are borrowing to pay the interest on their borrowing they are coming dangerously close to running a sovereign Ponzi scheme."
"Ponzi schemes have a way of ending unhappily. To get out of the Ponzi trap, governments will have to raise taxes, or cut spending, or monetize the debt--or most likely do some combination of all three."
"Over time, monetization is inflationary, but the inflationary effect is insidious because it is not immediately visible. In the short run deflation will outplay inflation. In most developed countries today there is so much slack in economies, with weak demand and high unemployment, that prices cannot rise. The velocity of money is also weak, as financial institutions are receiving liquidity from central banks and hoarding it to rebuild their balance sheets, instead of lending it out. But as the economy recovers, these effects will abate, and the growth of the monetary base caused by monetization will eventually drive expected and actual inflation. And once markets start to anticipate that scenario, it may already be too late to avert an inflationary surge."

It is important to note that Roubini does say the massive government support was necessary to avert disaster: "This massive escalation of central government spending and borrowing was necessary." He is primarily discussing how the result of that intervention makes for a "damned if you do, damned if you don't" scenario.

Inflation? Deflation? Both?

Of course, not at the same time. However, this question has been on my mind recently.

First, a quick Econ 101 review (I had to look this stuff up, I swear) courtesy Wikipedia:
Inflation: "In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. ... A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index (normally the Consumer Price Index) over time."
Naturally then, Deflation: "In economics, deflation is a decrease in the general price level of goods and services. Deflation occurs when the annual inflation rate falls below zero percent, resulting in an increase in the real value of money — a negative inflation rate. This should not be confused with disinflation, a slow-down in the inflation rate (i.e. when the inflation decreases, but still remains positive). Inflation reduces the real value of money over time, conversely, deflation increases the real value of money." (here's another good explanation article on deflation from Inflationdata.com)

One further important point: headline vs. core inflation. Core inflation uses a CPI that excludes food and energy prices. This has, in recent times, been controversially viewed as a more accurate measure of inflation. The argument for it is that food and energy prices are too volatile to be considered as part of CPI. It's important to note that the Fed tends to use core inflation as it's guide, though they've recently had to review that policy. The controversy stems from the fact that, one, consumers *do* need to pay for food and energy, and two, there are more volatile aspects to CPI than food anyway, according to research from the Philly Fed.
Yikes, eh? Makes things pretty complicated. And to make things even more fun, headline inflation is negative while core is slightly positive.

It's important to note that what needs to be avoided is hyper-inflation and deflation (this also is arguable, but let's go with conventional thinking for now). As far as I know, it's generally accepted that moderate inflation is considered the most healthy scenario for an economy. I draw heavily from the SF Fed for the following analysis:

• High inflation is dangerous and prevents economic growth: for example, price change in a product could no longer be easily define by supply and demand if inflation could just as easily be the cause. Also, high inflation tends to have higher fluctuation, which causes consumer and investment uncertainty.
• Zero inflation is dangerous because this usually implies lending rates close to 0, which leaves the Fed very little room for stimulus if necessary.
  
• Thus, you're left with moderate inflation as the safest path. Kinda roundabout, but hey - that's what I've gathered so far.

We also need to address why deflation is generally considered dangerous (again, from SF Fed):

• In deflation, prices are falling throughout the economy - and that actually sounds kinda nice at first glance, from a consumer's perspective. However, keep in mind that deflation increases the burden on borrowers (read: consumers) in the case of a fixed-rate loan, and prolonged deflation can reduce the value of collateral, again making borrowing (credit) more difficult to come by. Lastly, again, the Fed would probably be stuck at 0% interest rates and would be unable to properly stimulate the economy.

Ok. All that's out of the way. I think we have a very rudimentary understanding of what we want, and what we don't. So, what might be coming?

It's good to get a review of what can actually cause inflation and deflation.

What can cause inflation:

• Increasing supply of money
  
• Decreasing supply of goods
  
• Increasing demand for goods
• Decreasing demand for money

Deflation is the opposite:

• Decreasing supply of money
  
• Increasing supply of goods
  
• Decreasing demand for goods
• Increasing demand for money

The inflation-is-coming faction bases their claims on the Fed's liberal pumping of money into the economy (first bullet for inflation). Though CPI has been falling, many attribute this to dramatic falls in food and energy prices, as well as dramatic falls in rental and property prices - and despite all this, notice Core CPI never went negative!. When these factors begin to recover, inflation will jump with it.
The deflation-is-coming camp, however, notes that there has indeed been negative Headline CPI, and that there is no guarantee prices will recover. Even despite the recovery in energy prices, which will force headline CPI back up, rent and wages are still falling and will be much more serious components of the measure.

I'm leaning towards the deflation camp in the short term. Layoffs are on-going, and though they're slowing, they're still happening! This means lots of people with less purchasing power, which will force rents down and the price of goods down, based on decreasing demand. The Fed already has interest rates at 0 - if things go bad, they won't be able to easily stimulate things again, which is further danger of deflation. And yes, I believe we're not out of the woods and that we are likely in line for a U- or W-shape recovery.
In the long-term, however, the picture is more murky. The Fed has pumped a LOT of money into the system (take a look at their balance sheet! I link to that in the Econbrowser article below) and if/when recovery occurs, that increased supply could make for serious inflation.

Here are some good reads on the topic:

• Krugman (deflation-oriented)
  
• David Rosenberg (deflation-oriented)
  
• Seeking Alpha (inflation-oriented)
• Econbrowser (inflation-oriented, very very good read)
  

Lastly, I'm no expert on ANY of this stuff. I hardly know monetary policy. Please, if anyone has more insight, feel free to comment and criticize. I would love to understand this better.

A few follow-up points I think are important:
1. It's unclear that deflation is necessarily bad. Many tend to use the Great Depression or Japanese experience as examples of why deflation is bad; in fact, it can be argued deflation occurred during the Industrial Revolution (supply of goods increased dramatically) and this was a good thing. So, deflation could be good or bad depending on the situation. This is taken from the Inflationdata.com article linked earlier in this post.
2. There are many debatable measures of inflation. I tried to stay with mainstream analysis for this post.
3. This is all based on the conventional definition of money supply where money is currency. I didn't discuss money supply enough in this post, but it is very important in understanding inflation.

**UPDATE** The market and the Fed seem to disagree on where interest rates are headed, which implies differing views on coming inflation (the market seems to think it's more likely than economists do).

Sunday Links

• Paul Krugman defining post-1990 recoveries from recession.
• The past few decades have seen the "rise of the super-rich". Might that era be over for the forseeable future? Personally, I doubt it.
• Sent to me by readers: British government seems far less enthusiastic about the current recovery than American, and why the recent crisis was more economic than financial.
• U, V, or W? The Economist thinks U.
• A must read: is the efficient-market hypothesis dead?
• Lastly, I want to post on this in more detail later, but here's a heads up: inflation vs deflation. Which do we face, and on what timeline?